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Invention of the telephone
The invention of the telephone is the culmination of work done by many individuals, the history of which involves a collection of claims and counterclaims. The development of the modern electrical telephone involved an array of lawsuits founded upon the patent claims of several individuals and numerous companies.
This article covers the early years from 1844 to 1898, from conception of the idea of an electric voice-transmission device, to failed attempts to use "make-and-break" current, to successful experiments with electromagnetic telephones by Antonio Meucci, Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Watson, and finally to commercially successful telephones in the late 19th century.
== Earlier developments ==
The concept of the telephone dates back to the acoustic (non-electrical) string telephone or "lover's telephone" that has been known for centuries, comprising two diaphragms connected by a taut string or wire. Sound waves are carried as mechanical vibrations along the string or wire from one diaphragm to the other. The classic example is the tin can telephone, a children's toy made by connecting the two ends of a string to the bottoms of two metal cans, paper cups or similar items. The essential idea of this toy was that a diaphragm can collect voice sounds from the air, as in the ear, and a string or wire can transmit such collected voice sounds for reproduction at a distance. One precursor to the development of the electromagnetic telephone originated in 1833 when Carl Friedrich Gauß and Wilhelm Eduard Weber invented an electromagnetic device for the transmission of telegraphic signals in Göttingen, Germany, helping to create the fundamental basis for the technology that was later used in similar telecommunication devices. Gauß and Weber's invention is purported to be the world's first electromagnetic telegraph.〔
(Erster elektromagnetischer Telegraph der Welt über den Dächern von Göttingen ) (First electromagnetic telegraph in the world over the roofs of Göttingen), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen website. Retrieved January 22, 2013. 〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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